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教你使用Apache搭建Http下載服務(wù)器

瀏覽：133日期：2023-03-07 14:40:43

前言

前段時(shí)間因?yàn)槟承┰颍瑤状笾髁骶W(wǎng)盤都無(wú)法使用，正好手頭上有臺(tái)閑置的云服務(wù)器，于是就想來(lái)搭建一個(gè)文件下載服務(wù)，用戶只需通過(guò)一個(gè)鏈接就能下載軟件。

Apache快速上手

經(jīng)過(guò)調(diào)研，發(fā)現(xiàn)Ubuntu采用Apache2這個(gè)軟件就可以快速滿足我的需求。

安裝Apache2

apt-get install apache2

安裝好之后，啟動(dòng)Apache2服務(wù)：

/etc/init.d/apache2 start

查看啟動(dòng)狀態(tài)：

/etc/init.d/apache2 status

然后，訪問(wèn)服務(wù)器的公網(wǎng)ip或域名，就可以看到如下界面，此時(shí)說(shuō)明Apache正常工作：

最后在/var/www/html路徑下，刪除index.html，上傳自己想要被下載的文件，再次訪問(wèn)，就可以進(jìn)行下載了。
(注：如果是云服務(wù)器，還需要在安全組開放80和443端口號(hào))
同時(shí)，也可以通過(guò)域名/文件名的方式直接給別人一個(gè)鏈接，進(jìn)行下載。

如果有一臺(tái)單獨(dú)的服務(wù)器用于臨時(shí)文件的分享，這樣很快就搞定了。
下面來(lái)繼續(xù)進(jìn)行深入研究，考慮更現(xiàn)實(shí)的場(chǎng)景。

修改端口號(hào)

Apache2默認(rèn)采用的是80端口號(hào)，因此直接通過(guò)公網(wǎng)ip或域名就能訪問(wèn)。現(xiàn)實(shí)中，很多服務(wù)器本身就部署了許多其它服務(wù)，80端口號(hào)往往被占用，因此就需要將Apache2改成其它訪問(wèn)端口。

修改端口，首先需要修改/etc/apache2/ports.conf這個(gè)文件：
這里吧80改成其它不沖突的端口號(hào)，我這里以1024為例

#Listen 80Listen 1024<IfModule ssl_module>Listen 443</IfModule><IfModule mod_gnutls.c>Listen 443</IfModule>

然后修改/etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf

#<VirtualHost *:80><VirtualHost *:1024># The ServerName directive sets the request scheme, hostname and port that# the server uses to identify itself. This is used when creating

注：這個(gè)文件中還有一個(gè)DocumentRoot，修改該參數(shù)可以調(diào)整文件系統(tǒng)的根路徑。

修改完成之后，重啟apache2：

/etc/init.d/apache2 restart

此時(shí)，就可以通過(guò)訪問(wèn)域名:1024的形式訪問(wèn)到同樣內(nèi)容，例如我的服務(wù)器訪問(wèn)url為http://xdxsb.top:1024

設(shè)置訪問(wèn)限制

個(gè)人服務(wù)器很容易遭到別人的攻擊，如果有人開好多線程來(lái)反復(fù)請(qǐng)求下載，這就將導(dǎo)致流量帶寬消耗巨大，甚至?xí)尫?wù)器宕機(jī)。因此，長(zhǎng)期提供下載服務(wù)的服務(wù)器必須設(shè)置訪問(wèn)限制。

配置文件參數(shù)詳解

訪問(wèn)限制主要涉及到/etc/apache2/apache2.conf這個(gè)配置文件，首先來(lái)對(duì)該文件進(jìn)行解讀。
這個(gè)文件內(nèi)容如下：

# This is the main Apache server configuration file. It contains the
# configuration directives that give the server its instructions.
# See http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/ for detailed information about
# the directives and /usr/share/doc/apache2/README.Debian about Debian specific
# hints.
#
#
# Summary of how the Apache 2 configuration works in Debian:
# The Apache 2 web server configuration in Debian is quite different to
# upstream's suggested way to configure the web server. This is because Debian's
# default Apache2 installation attempts to make adding and removing modules,
# virtual hosts, and extra configuration directives as flexible as possible, in
# order to make automating the changes and administering the server as easy as
# possible.
# It is split into several files forming the configuration hierarchy outlined
# below, all located in the /etc/apache2/ directory:
#
# /etc/apache2/
# |-- apache2.conf
# | `-- ports.conf
# |-- mods-enabled
# | |-- *.load
# | `-- *.conf
# |-- conf-enabled
# | `-- *.conf
# `-- sites-enabled
# `-- *.conf
#
#
# * apache2.conf is the main configuration file (this file). It puts the pieces
# together by including all remaining configuration files when starting up the
# web server.
#
# * ports.conf is always included from the main configuration file. It is
# supposed to determine listening ports for incoming connections which can be
# customized anytime.
#
# * Configuration files in the mods-enabled/, conf-enabled/ and sites-enabled/
# directories contain particular configuration snippets which manage modules,
# global configuration fragments, or virtual host configurations,
# respectively.
#
# They are activated by symlinking available configuration files from their
# respective *-available/ counterparts. These should be managed by using our
# helpers a2enmod/a2dismod, a2ensite/a2dissite and a2enconf/a2disconf. See
# their respective man pages for detailed information.
#
# * The binary is called apache2. Due to the use of environment variables, in
# the default configuration, apache2 needs to be started/stopped with
# /etc/init.d/apache2 or apache2ctl. Calling /usr/bin/apache2 directly will not
# work with the default configuration.
# Global configuration
#
#
# ServerRoot: The top of the directory tree under which the server's
# configuration, error, and log files are kept.
#
# NOTE! If you intend to place this on an NFS (or otherwise network)
# mounted filesystem then please read the Mutex documentation (available
# at <URL:http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/core.html#mutex>);
# you will save yourself a lot of trouble.
#
# Do NOT add a slash at the end of the directory path.
#
#ServerRoot "/etc/apache2"
#
# The accept serialization lock file MUST BE STORED ON A LOCAL DISK.
#
#Mutex file:${APACHE_LOCK_DIR} default
#
# The directory where shm and other runtime files will be stored.
#
DefaultRuntimeDir ${APACHE_RUN_DIR}
#
# PidFile: The file in which the server should record its process
# identification number when it starts.
# This needs to be set in /etc/apache2/envvars
#
PidFile ${APACHE_PID_FILE}
#
# Timeout: The number of seconds before receives and sends time out.
#
Timeout 300
#
# KeepAlive: Whether or not to allow persistent connections (more than
# one request per connection). Set to "Off" to deactivate.
#
KeepAlive On
#
# MaxKeepAliveRequests: The maximum number of requests to allow
# during a persistent connection. Set to 0 to allow an unlimited amount.
# We recommend you leave this number high, for maximum performance.
#
MaxKeepAliveRequests 100
#
# KeepAliveTimeout: Number of seconds to wait for the next request from the
# same client on the same connection.
#
KeepAliveTimeout 5
# These need to be set in /etc/apache2/envvars
User ${APACHE_RUN_USER}
Group ${APACHE_RUN_GROUP}
#
# HostnameLookups: Log the names of clients or just their IP addresses
# e.g., www.apache.org (on) or 204.62.129.132 (off).
# The default is off because it'd be overall better for the net if people
# had to knowingly turn this feature on, since enabling it means that
# each client request will result in AT LEAST one lookup request to the
# nameserver.
#
HostnameLookups Off
# ErrorLog: The location of the error log file.
# If you do not specify an ErrorLog directive within a <VirtualHost>
# container, error messages relating to that virtual host will be
# logged here. If you *do* define an error logfile for a <VirtualHost>
# container, that host's errors will be logged there and not here.
#
ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
#
# LogLevel: Control the severity of messages logged to the error_log.
# Available values: trace8, ..., trace1, debug, info, notice, warn,
# error, crit, alert, emerg.
# It is also possible to configure the log level for particular modules, e.g.
# "LogLevel info ssl:warn"
#
LogLevel warn
# Include module configuration:
IncludeOptional mods-enabled/*.load
IncludeOptional mods-enabled/*.conf
# Include list of ports to listen on
Include ports.conf
# Sets the default security model of the Apache2 HTTPD server. It does
# not allow access to the root filesystem outside of /usr/share and /var/www.
# The former is used by web applications packaged in Debian,
# the latter may be used for local directories served by the web server. If
# your system is serving content from a sub-directory in /srv you must allow
# access here, or in any related virtual host.
<Directory />
Options FollowSymLinks
AllowOverride None
Require all denied
</Directory>
<Directory /usr/share>
AllowOverride None
Require all granted
</Directory>
<Directory /var/www/>
Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
AllowOverride None
Require all granted
</Directory>
#<Directory /srv/>
# Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
# AllowOverride None
# Require all granted
#</Directory>
# AccessFileName: The name of the file to look for in each directory
# for additional configuration directives. See also the AllowOverride
# directive.
#
AccessFileName .htaccess
#
# The following lines prevent .htaccess and .htpasswd files from being
# viewed by Web clients.
#
<FilesMatch "^\.ht">
Require all denied
</FilesMatch>
#
# The following directives define some format nicknames for use with
# a CustomLog directive.
#
# These deviate from the Common Log Format definitions in that they use %O
# (the actual bytes sent including headers) instead of %b (the size of the
# requested file), because the latter makes it impossible to detect partial
# requests.
#
# Note that the use of %{X-Forwarded-For}i instead of %h is not recommended.
# Use mod_remoteip instead.
#
LogFormat "%v:%p %h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %O \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" vhost_combined
LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %O \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" combined
LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %O" common
LogFormat "%{Referer}i -> %U" referer
LogFormat "%{User-agent}i" agent
# Include of directories ignores editors' and dpkg's backup files,
# see README.Debian for details.
# Include generic snippets of statements
IncludeOptional conf-enabled/*.conf
# Include the virtual host configurations:
IncludeOptional sites-enabled/*.conf
# vim: syntax=apache ts=4 sw=4 sts=4 sr noet

參數(shù)解釋：

PidFile:記錄服務(wù)器啟動(dòng)進(jìn)程號(hào)的文件
Timeout:接收和發(fā)送前超時(shí)秒數(shù)
KeepAlive:是否允許穩(wěn)固的連接(每個(gè)連接有多個(gè)請(qǐng)求)，設(shè)為"Off"則停用
MaxKeepAliveRequests:在穩(wěn)固連接期間允許的最大請(qǐng)求數(shù)，設(shè)為0表示無(wú)限制接入
KeepAliveTimeout:在同一個(gè)連接上從同一臺(tái)客戶上接收請(qǐng)求的秒數(shù)
User/Group:運(yùn)行的用戶和組
HostnameLookups：指定記錄用戶端的名字還是IP地址
例如，本指令為on時(shí)記錄主機(jī)名，如www.apache.org；為off時(shí)記錄IP地址，204.62.129.132。默認(rèn)值為off，這要比設(shè)為on好得多，因?yàn)槿绻O(shè)為on則每個(gè)用戶端請(qǐng)求都將會(huì)至少造成對(duì) nameserver 進(jìn)行一次查詢。
ErrorLog:錯(cuò)誤日志文件定位
LogLevel:控制記錄在錯(cuò)誤日志文件中的日志信息
可選值：debug，info，notice，warn，error，crit，alert，emerg
Directory：在標(biāo)簽對(duì)里面可以設(shè)置各文件夾屬性
- Options：控制在特定目錄中將使用哪些服務(wù)器特性
  - All：除MultiViews之外的所有特性，這是默認(rèn)設(shè)置
  - ExecCG：允許使用mod_cgi執(zhí)行CGI腳本
  - FollowSymLinks：服務(wù)器允許在此目錄中使用符號(hào)連接，如果此配置位于配置段中，則會(huì)被忽略
  - Includes：允許使用mod_include提供的服務(wù)器端包含
  - IncludesNOEXEC：允許服務(wù)器端包含，但禁用"#exec cmd"和"#exec cgi"，但仍可以從ScriptAlias目錄使用"#include virtual"虛擬CGI腳本
  - Indexes：如果一個(gè)映射到目錄的URL被請(qǐng)求，而此目錄中又沒(méi)有DirectoryIndex(例如：index.html)，那么服務(wù)器會(huì)返回由mod_autoindex生成的一個(gè)格式化后的目錄列表
  - MultiViews：允許使用mod_negotiation提供內(nèi)容協(xié)商的"多重視圖"(MultiViews)
  - SymLinksIfOwnerMatch：服務(wù)器僅在符號(hào)連接與其目的目錄或文件的擁有者具有相同的uid時(shí)才使用它。如果此配置出現(xiàn)在配置段中，則將被忽略
- AllowOverride：確定允許存在于.htaccess文件中的指令類型
  語(yǔ)法：AllowOverride All|None|directive-type [directive-type]
  如果此指令被設(shè)置為None ，那么.htaccess文件將被完全忽略。
  directive-type可以是下列各組指令之一：
  - AuthConfig : 允許使用與認(rèn)證授權(quán)相關(guān)的指令
  - FileInfo : 允許使用控制文檔類型的指令、控制文檔元數(shù)據(jù)的指令、mod_rewrite中的指令、mod_actions中的Action指令
  - Indexes : 允許使用控制目錄索引的指令
  - Limit : 允許使用控制主機(jī)訪問(wèn)的指令
- Order：控制默認(rèn)的訪問(wèn)狀態(tài)與Allow和Deny指令生效的順序
  - Deny,Allow : Deny指令在Allow指令之前被評(píng)估。默認(rèn)允許所有訪問(wèn)。任何不匹配Deny指令或者匹配Allow指令的客戶都被允許訪問(wèn)
  - Allow,Deny : Allow指令在Deny指令之前被評(píng)估。默認(rèn)拒絕所有訪問(wèn)。任何不匹配Allow指令或者匹配Deny指令的客戶都將被禁止訪問(wèn)
  - Mutual-failure : 只有出現(xiàn)在Allow列表并且不出現(xiàn)在Deny列表中的主機(jī)才被允許訪問(wèn)。這種順序與"Order Allow,Deny"具有同樣效果
- Allow：控制哪些主機(jī)可以訪問(wèn)服務(wù)器的該區(qū)域。可以根據(jù)主機(jī)名、IP地址、 IP地址范圍或其他環(huán)境變量中捕獲的客戶端請(qǐng)求特性進(jìn)行控制。
  語(yǔ)法：Allow from all|host|env=env-variable [host|env=env-variable]
- Deny：控制哪些主機(jī)被禁止訪問(wèn)服務(wù)器的該區(qū)域。可以根據(jù)主機(jī)名、IP地址、 IP地址范圍或其他環(huán)境變量中捕獲的客戶端請(qǐng)求特性進(jìn)行控制。
  語(yǔ)法：Deny from all|host|env=env-variable [host|env=env-variable]
- Require：訪問(wèn)限制
  - all granted：表示允許所有主機(jī)訪問(wèn)
  - all denied：表示拒絕所有主機(jī)訪問(wèn)
  - local：表示僅允許本地主機(jī)訪問(wèn)
  - [not] host <主機(jī)名或域名列表>：表示允許或拒絕指定主機(jī)或域名訪問(wèn)
  - [not] ip <IP地址或網(wǎng)段列表>：表示允許或拒絕指定的IP地址或網(wǎng)段訪問(wèn)
AccessFileName：設(shè)置分布式配置文件的名字，默認(rèn)為.htaccess
如果為某個(gè)目錄啟用了分布式配置文件功能，那么在向客戶端返回其中的文檔時(shí)，服務(wù)器將在這個(gè)文檔所在的各級(jí)目錄中查找此配置文件
<FilesMatch"^.ht">：拒絕對(duì).ht開頭文件的訪問(wèn),以保護(hù).htaccess文件
LogFormat：定義訪問(wèn)日志的格式

限制連接量

通過(guò)上面對(duì)配置文件參數(shù)的研究，注意到MaxKeepAliveRequests這個(gè)參數(shù)限制了對(duì)于單個(gè)連接最大的訪問(wèn)量為100，因此無(wú)需擔(dān)心單線程腳本反復(fù)頻繁請(qǐng)求的問(wèn)題。
那么對(duì)于高并發(fā)的請(qǐng)求，Apache是否有默認(rèn)設(shè)置的策略呢？也是有的，從2.0開始，apache引入了MPM（Multi-Processing Module，多進(jìn)程處理模塊），MPM有prefork, worker和event這三種模式[4]，可以通過(guò)下面的命令查看當(dāng)前apache所采用的模式：

apachectl -V | grep -i mpm

默認(rèn)采用的應(yīng)該是event模式。

這個(gè)模式的配置文件位于/etc/apache2/mods-availablempm_event.conf
默認(rèn)參數(shù)：

<IfModule mpm_event_module>StartServers     2MinSpareThreads  25MaxSpareThreads  75ThreadLimit      64ThreadsPerChild  25MaxRequestWorkers150MaxConnectionsPerChild   0</IfModule>

參數(shù)解釋：

StartServers：?jiǎn)?dòng)時(shí)進(jìn)程數(shù)
MinSpareThreads：最小空閑線程數(shù)
MaxSpareThreads：最大空閑線程數(shù)
ThreadLimit：每個(gè)進(jìn)程可以啟動(dòng)的線程數(shù)量上限值
ThreadsPerChild：每個(gè)進(jìn)程可以啟動(dòng)的線程數(shù)量
MaxRequestWorkers：線程數(shù)量最大值
MaxConnectionsPerChild：最大連接數(shù)限制

我這里沒(méi)去調(diào)整，先用JMeter來(lái)進(jìn)行一個(gè)多線程并發(fā)測(cè)試：
JMeter下載地址：https://jmeter.apache.org/download_jmeter.cgi

解壓之后，運(yùn)行apache-jmeter-5.5/bin/jmeter.bat，即可啟動(dòng)。

創(chuàng)建一個(gè)線程組，我這設(shè)置了1000個(gè)線程數(shù)，時(shí)間設(shè)為0.01秒

再設(shè)置HTTP請(qǐng)求，填寫請(qǐng)求域名，端口號(hào)，文件路徑

測(cè)試結(jié)果顯示，請(qǐng)求失敗率為16%，因此我這小破服務(wù)器，基本上1000個(gè)并發(fā)請(qǐng)求都難以滿足。

封禁ip

如果面對(duì)惡意攻擊，那最快解決問(wèn)題的辦法無(wú)疑是封禁它的ip，這里嘗試一下封禁本機(jī)ip，看看是否有效。

首先查詢本機(jī)ip，直接在百度搜索ip，即可查詢到公網(wǎng)ip，注意這里一定要是公網(wǎng)ip，通過(guò)ipconfig查詢出的是內(nèi)網(wǎng)ip。

修改配置文件：

vim /etc/apache2/apache2.conf

修改/var/www/文件內(nèi)容：

<Directory /var/www/>Options Indexes FollowSymLinksAllowOverride None<RequireAll>Require all grantedRequire not ip 111.11.81.152</RequireAll></Directory>

重啟服務(wù)：

 /etc/init.d/apache2 restart

再次訪問(wèn)，發(fā)現(xiàn)權(quán)限受限，說(shuō)明設(shè)置成功。

拓展：如果只允許某個(gè)固定ip訪問(wèn)，那么可以這樣修改：

<Directory /var/www/>Options Indexes FollowSymLinksAllowOverride None# Require all grantedRequire ip 111.11.82.8</Directory>

設(shè)置賬號(hào)密碼訪問(wèn)

對(duì)于某些私密文件，可以進(jìn)一步配置賬號(hào)密碼進(jìn)行身份驗(yàn)證。

首先創(chuàng)建一個(gè)文件夾用來(lái)保存用戶信息：

mkdir -p /usr/local/conf

然后創(chuàng)建用戶：

htpasswd -c /usr/local/conf/.usr zstar

zstar是我創(chuàng)建的用戶名

輸入密碼后，Apache會(huì)以密文方式存儲(chǔ)密碼，可以通過(guò)下面的方式查看用戶名和密碼密文：

cat /usr/local/conf/.usr

再次修改配置文件：

vim /etc/apache2/apache2.conf

修改內(nèi)容：

<Directory /var/www/>Options Indexes FollowSymLinksAllowOverride AllAuthName "apache"AuthType BasicAuthUserFile "/usr/local/conf/.usr"Require user zstar</Directory>

重啟服務(wù)：

 /etc/init.d/apache2 restart

再次訪問(wèn)，成功彈出登錄驗(yàn)證，說(shuō)明配置成功。

參考

[1]ubuntu搭建http服務(wù)器用于下載ubuntu文件：https://blog.csdn.net/yy1695990107/article/details/116976994
[2]Apache2 httpd.conf 配置詳解：https://blog.csdn.net/assassinice/article/details/78854139
[3]Apache的訪問(wèn)控制：https://blog.csdn.net/m0_54434140/article/details/122249712
[4]apache2三種模式及參數(shù)調(diào)優(yōu)：https://blog.csdn.net/zhihui1017/article/details/54959194

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